Steel Data Search Engine

MATERIAL CONVERSION TABLE (KS-ASTM-DIN-JIS)

2011-07-20T00:55:00.000-07:00

MATERIAL CONVERSION TABLE (KS-ASTM-DIN-JIS)
1. Gray Iron Castings
2. Spheroidal Graphite (Ductile) Iron Castings
3. Carbon Steel Castings
4. Stainless Steel Castings
5. Bronze Castings
6. Phosphor Bronze Castings
7. Leaded Tin Bronze Castings
8. Carbon Steel for Machine Structural Use
9. Chromium Molybdenum Steels
10. Rolled Steel for Gerneral Structure
11. Carbon Steel Pipes for Ordinary Pipings
12. Stainless Steel Bars
13. Stainless Steel Pipes

1. Gray Iron Castings (KS D 4301)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength (KG-F/mm2)	HB
GC150 (ex-GC15)	A48-CL20	GG15	FC150	19 and above	241 and below
				17 and above	223 and below
				15 and above	212 and below
				13 and above	201 and below
GC200 (ex-GC20)	A48-CL30	GG20	FC200	24 and above	255 and below
				22 and above	235 and below
				20 and above	223 and below
				17 and above	217 and below
GC250 (ex-GC25)	A48-CL35	GG25	FC250	28 and above	269 and below
				26 and above	248 and below
				25 and above	241 and below
				22 and above	229 and below
GC300 (ex-GC30)	A48-CL40	GG30	FC300	31 and above	269 and below
				30 and above	262 and below
				27 and above	248 and below
2. Spheroidal Graphite (Ductile) Iron Castings (KS D 4302)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
GCD400 (ex-GCD40)	A536-60-40-18	GGG-40	FCD40	40 and above	201 and below
GCD450 (ex-GCD45)	A536-65-45-12	-	FCD45	45 and above	143~217
GCD500 (ex-GCD50)	-	GGG-50	FCD50	50 and above	170~241
GCD600 (ex-GCD60)	A536-80-55-06	GGG-60	FCD60	60 and above	192~269
3. Carbon Steel Castings (KS D 4101)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
SC410 (ex-SC42)	A27-60-30	GS 38	SC42	42 and above	-
SC450 (ex-SC46)	A27-65-35	GS 45	SC46	46 and above	-
SC480 (ex-SC49)	A27-70-36	GS 52	SC49	49 and above	-
4. Stainless Steel Castings (KS D 4103)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
SSC1	A743-CA15	G-X12-Cr14	SCS1	55 and above	163 ~ 229
SSC2	A743-CA40	G-X20-Cr14	SCS2	60 and above	170 ~ 235
SSC11	-	X8CrNi-Mo-275	SCS11	60 and above	170 ~ 235
SSC13	A743-CF-8	G-X6Cr-Ni-1809	SCS13	45 and above	183 and below
SSC14	A743-CF8M	G-X6Cr-NiMo-1810	SCS14	45 and above	183 and below
SSC16	A743-CF3M	X2CrNi-Mo-1810	SCS16	40 and above	183 and below
SSC21	A743-CF8C	G-X7Cr-NiNb-1809	SCS21	49 and above	183 and below
5. Bronze Castings (KS D 6010)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
BC2	B584-C903	-	BC2	25 and above	-
BC3	B584-C905	G-CuSn10Zn (1705-73)	BC3	25 and above	-
BC6	B584-C836	G-CuSn- 5ZnPb	BC6	20 and above	-
6. Phosphor Bronze Castings (KS D 6010)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
PBC2	B505-907	G-CuSn-5ZnPb	PBC2	20 and above	60 and above
7. Leaded Tin Bronze Castings (KS D 6011)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
LBC3	B584-937	G-CuPb10Sn	LBC3	-	60 and above
LBC4	B584-938	G-CuPb15Sn	LBC4	-	55 and above
8. Carbon Steel for Machine Structural Use (KS D 3752)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
SM30C	A108-1030	-	S30C	48 and above	137 ~ 197
SM34C	A108-1035	-	S35C	52 and above	149 ~ 207
SM45C	A108-1045	-	S45C	58 and above	167 ~ 229
9. Chromium Molybdenum Steels (KS D 3711)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
SCM420	-	-	SCM420	95 and above	262 ~ 352
SCM435	A322-4137	34CrMo4 (1.7220)	SCM435	95 and above	269 ~ 331
SCM440	A322-4140	42CrMo4 (1.7225)	SCM440	100 and above	285 ~ 352
10. Rolled Steel for Gerneral Structure (KS D 3503)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
SS400 (ex-SS41)	A283 - Gr .D	-	SS41	41 - 52	-
11. Carbon Steel Pipes for Ordinary Pipings (KS D 3507)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
SPP	A53 - Gr .F	St - 33 - 1 (1.0033)	SGP1	30 and above	-
12. Stainless Steel Bars (KS D 3706)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
STS304	A276-304	X5CrNi-1809 (1.4301)	SUS304	53 and above	187 and below
STS304L	A276-304L	X2CrNi-1809 (1.4306)	SUS304L	49 and above	187 and below
STS316	A276-316	X5CrNi-Mo-1810 (1.4401)	SUS316	53 and above	187 and below
STS316L	A276-316L	X2CrNi-Mo-1810 (1.4401)	SUS316L	49 and above	187 and below
STS321	A276-321	X10CrNi-Ti-1809 (1.4401)	SUS321	53 and above	187 and below
STS329J1	A240-329	-	SUS329J1	60 and above	277 and below
STS403	A276-403	X15Cr13 (1.4024)	SUS403	60 and above	170 and below
STS410	ANSI 410		SUS410
STS416	A582-416	-	SUS413	55 and above	159 and below
STS420J1	A582-420	X20Cr13 (1.401)	SUS420J1	65 and above	192 and below
STS420J2	-	-	SUS420J2	75 and above	217 and below
STS431	A276-431	X22CrNi17 (1.4301)	SUS431	80 and above	229 and below
13. Stainless Steel Pipes (KS D 3576)
KS	ASTM	DIN	JIS	Tensile Strength	HB
STS304TP	A312-TP304	X5CrNi-1809 (1.4301)	SUS304TP	53 and above	-
STS304LTP	A312-TP304L	-	SUS304LTP	49 and above	-
STS316TP	A312-TP316	-	SUS316TP	53 and above	-
STS316LTP	A312-TP316L	-	SUS316LTP	49 and above	-

Source: http://www.itraders.biz

Knowledge About Steel

2011-06-26T01:35:00.000-07:00

STEEL AS Engineering MATERIAL

Steel is the backbone of all Industries and the basic ingredient for growth and development of a country. Traditionally, the fortunes of the steel industry have been linked to the economic cycle of the country. Per capita consumption of steel speaks volumes about the relative position of the country on the development frontier. In India the per capita consumption of steel stands very low (38 kg) in compare to world average per capita consumption of steel (170 kg), where total production of steel is about 1200 MT. Moreover, steel is completely recyclable and thus environment friendly. Hence a large potential exists in furthering the usage of steel in various segments of industry.

If anyone metal is to be named, which has maximum impact on mankind, it is steel. It is the most important metal today, which enjoys about 95% of total metal output globally. A compound basically made of iron and carbon and some other elements is called Steel. Thus steels are alloys of iron (Fe) and carbon (C). Its mechanical properties (and the electrical or magnetic properties) are influenced by the addition of various elements (Cr,Mn,Ni,Si etc). Carbon is the element that modify the allotropic (crystal structure) changes that iron displays during heating and cooling. These structural changes occur during processing or manufacture of the steel. Different types of steel are produced for particular applications and are manufactured within precise composition limits and processing conditions in order to provide the required microstructure, properties and functionality.Steel as an Engineering Material is of great interest to Architects, Civil and Structural engineers, Designers, Consultants, Metallurgists and Project owners.

Like all metals iron (Pig Iron) is made from iron ore, coke and limestone in blast furnace or by direct reduction processes. Production of steel from pig iron involves processes like steel making, primary and secondary steelmaking, casting and hot rolling. The carbon content of steels is up to 2.0%. The microstructure and atomic structure varies with carbon content and temperature. A wide range of strength levels, from 120 to over 3000 mpa can be obtained with the help of carbon and alloying elements by mechanical working and heat treatment.

Steel enjoys the widest range of applications among the materials known to mankind due to different mechanical properties and product forms. It touches everybody’s life everyday everywhere.

Segments	Typical Applications
Construction	Industrial, Hospital, Institutional Buildings, Exhibition Halls, Stadiums, Railway and Bus stations, offshore structures
Agriculture & Rural areas	Machinery, Storage tanks, Grain bins, Bullock Carts, Meeting Halls
House Hold	Buckets, Scissors, Kitchen cabins, Ovens, white goods, utensils, furniture
Infrastructures	Bridges, Flyovers, Foot Bridges, Culverts and RCC Structures
Oil, Gas & Power	Wells, Platforms and items related to power
Transport	Railways, Buses, Trucks, Luxury Coaches, Cars, two-wheelers, bicycles
Electrical & Electronics	Transformer core, Motors, Transmission Towers

Grades of Steel:

Mild Steel is the commonest grade of steel containing less than 0.25% Carbon. Medium Carbon Steel has carbon content 0.25% to 0.45% and used as input material in the engineering industries. High Carbon Steel refers to the harder steel with carbon content 0.45% to 0.90% and is used to make precision tools and instruments. Alloy Steels/Special Steels including Stainless Steel are produced by adding alloying elements like Mn,W,Ni etc. Stainless Steel contains Cr and Ni with proper proportions. Weathering steels are used for atomoshpheric corrosion resistance purpose.

Finished Steel is divided into two categories like Non Flat products (bars, rods, angles, joist, channels & railways materials) and Flat (plates, hot rolled coils, cold rolled coils/sheets, galvanized plated, galvanized corrugated coils/sheets, tin plates and electrical sheets.)

Hot metal is processed further to get better quality, strength and specific application through different routes like:

Basic Oxygen Furnace Steel making (BOF) : The purpose is to refine the hot metal produced in the blast furnace, which may be subsequently refined in the secondary steelmaking shop. The main functions are to remove carbon & phosphorus from the hot metal, and to optimize the steel temperature so that any further treatments prior to casting can be performed with minimal reheating or cooling of the steel.
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) : Recycled steel scrap is melted and converted into high quality steel by using high-power electric arcs. The main task is to convert the solid raw materials to liquid crude steel and then refine further in subsequent secondary steelmaking processes.
Secondary Steelmaking: It is a critical step in the steel production process between the primary processes (BOF or EAF) and casting. Some elements are added and some have to be removed during secondary steelmaking in order to fine-tune the composition of the steel to meet the specification. . After secondary steelmaking, the ladle of liquid steel is taken, at the required composition, quality, cleanness, time, temperature and at least cost to the casting process.
Continuous Casting: The molten steel is continuously cast through a tundish into a water-cooled copper mould causing a thin shell to solidify. The solidified shell continues to thicken until the strand is fully solidified. Finally, the strand is cut into desired lengths. Depending on final application cast dimensions may be slab for flat products (plate, strip etc), blooms for structural sections (beams, channels etc) and billets for long products (wire). Hot Rolling: It is the most efficient process of primary forming used for the mass production of steel. The principal effects of hot rolling are the elimination of the cast ingot structure defects and obtaining the required shape, dimensions and surface quality of a product. This makes both semi-finished and finished products. Semi-finished hot-rolled steel products are the starting materials for further hot metal forming processes (flat, long products, seamless tubes, wheels, rings, bars etc) and cold rolling.
Cold Forming: Hot-rolled products are often subjected to further processing like cold rolling, forming, machining and joining, in order to get desired strength and properties for specific applications.

Mechanical Properties:

Like all metallic materials specific steels are having specific mechanical properties. Steel properties can be divided into two groups:
a. Structure insensitive
b. Structure sensitive
Principal structure insensitive properties are elastic modulus, density and some chemical, electrical and thermal characteristics. The structure sensitive properties are wholly dependent upon the past history – whether hot rolled or cold rolled, whether heat treated and if so how. The most important structure sensitive properties are yield strength, tensile strength, ductility fractures toughness, fatigue characteristics, etc.

Elastic Moduli : These are commonly defined in terms of the relationship between stress s, and strain €, in that region where the curve is linear.

The most frequently used is the modulus in tension :
Young’s Modulus ‘E’ = Tension Stress / Tension Strain
Also used is the Shear Modulus ‘G’ = Shear Stress / Shear Strain
The units of the modulus are the same as those of stress i.e. N/mm2 (ksi). Since the modulus is a structure insensitive property, the normal design value E = 205 kN/mm2 may be used for all steels, regardless of composition, origin, prior history etc.

Yield Strength: Yield point is the transition between reversible and permanent deformation when the material is stressed till yield point stress -strain curve is linear and at the yield point some non-uniform deformation take place as shown in figure. It is in fact that transition from elastic to plastic behavior yield strength is affected by composition and grain size. Some steels do not exhibit a clearly defined and the stress strain as a smooth continuous curve. In such cases, a stress which corresponds to a definite amount of permanent extension (equivalent 2%) is taken as yield stress and is called proof stress.

Tensile Strength: This occurs when material starts to deform locally, a waist or neck is produced at which facture is eventually occur. This is a maximum stress subject to the material before the necking starts. In figure the stress level is shown as (E).

Ductility: The reduction in area and the total elongation at fracture are used as measure of ductility.

Fracture Toughness: Fracture toughness is a measurement of ductile to brittle transition of material. Brittle fracture always starts at a discontinuity such as a notch an incompletely fused weld or a design discontinuity such as a hole or a corner where stress is locally increased. For a steel of given position, the onset of brittle rather than ductile, behavior is affected both by temperature and rate of loading. The chemical composition of steel and the grain size affect the ductile brittle transition. Practically notch impact test is done in case of steel to assess its relative toughness. The fracture toughness is generally measure in terms of ductile-brittle transition temperature.

Fatigue: Failure by fatigue occurs as a result of reversing or fluctuating stress like brittle fracture, always starts from a stress raiser / discontinuity. Fatigue property has to be taken into consideration while designing a machine, bridge, industrial structure etc.

Specifications: Different classes of steels are available meeting desired requirement of end applications, which are clearly defined in respective specifications. Carbon Steel Fy=240 to 250 MPa is widely used in construction Industry, Micro Alloy Steel with Fy 350MPA and above is also being used for all type of construction and all type of equipment manufacturing, where Fy is yield strength of steel

Joining of Steel: Mostly can be done easily by welding,rivetting and bolting.

Compiled by Ajay Prasad :: ajp_ds@yahoo.com

Source:http://www.structural-world.org

Corrosion Resisting steel - Grade 3CR12

2011-06-25T01:54:00.000-07:00

3CR12 Technical Data
Summary

3CR12 is a chromium containing corrosion resisting steel developed as an alternative material of construction where the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and fabrication requirements of other materials such as mild steel, galvanised or aluminised steel, aluminium or pre-painted steels are unsuited.

Originally 3CR12 was not included in any international specifications. However, a 12 per cent chromium steel developed from 3CR12 has been designated DIN type 1,4003 and ASTM/ASME 41003. The former has been incorporated into two Euronorm Standards viz. EN 10088 and EN 10028, 3CR12 conforms to the requirements of the above specifications and is multi certifiable to 3CR12, 1.4003 and 41003, due to its inclusion in the above specifications. 3CR12 vessels and tanks can be designed in accordance to BS5500, ASME, AD Merkblatter codes and the Euronorm design specification currently in preparation.

Although 3CR12 is recognised as the World's most specified 12% Chromium utility steel, it is by no means universal and should not be substituted for higher grades of stainless steel unless detailed corrosion testing has been carried out. Columbus Stainless can be consulted for advice in this regard.

3CR12 was designed as a corrosion resisting steel and, as such, will exhibit staining when exposed to aggressive atmospheric conditions. In applications where aesthetic appearance is important, it is recommended that 3CR12 is painted, or a higher grade should be used.

A long term atmospheric corrosion programme conducted over 20 years bv the CSIR has shown 3CR12 to have very good atmospheric corrosion resistance, Stainless steels, with their higher chromium contents, exhibited very low corrosion rates. Because of 3CR12's inherent corrosion resistance, it has been used successfully under wet sliding abrasion conditions such as found in the mining and bulk handling industries. In the case of mild or low alloy steels the presence of moisture in the solids being transported aggravates deterioration of the working surfaces. Not only does the surface rust wear away rapidly exposing bare metal to further corrosion, but corrosion of the working surface leads to 'hang-up' and interrupted flow. 3CR12 resists the corrosive attack and thereby improves flow and reliability, while extending the life of the solids handling equipment.

Although 3CR12 performs very well in corrosion-abrasion applications, no real benefit can be gained by using it under dry abrasion conditions. 3CR12 is not especially suitable under conditions of impact abrasion. (See: A Guide to the Use of 3CR12 in Corrosion Abrasion Applications).

3CR12 has been extensively used in aqueous environments, and has been successful in many applications involving exposure and/or immersion. It is important when using 3CR12 in aqueous environments that the decision be based on a thorough water quality analysis and microbial count. (See: A Guide to the use of 3CR12 in Water).

3CR12 is designed with ease of fabrication in mind and its composition and properties result in good forming, drawing, blanking and punching characteristics. The steel is easily welded by any of the recognised welding processes and should be post weld pickled/cleaned and passivated.

3CR12 has been included in SABS 0162 Part 4 - Code of Practice for the Structural Use of Steel. When replacing carbon steel with 3CR12, it is necessary to redesign mild and constructional steel components using the mechanical and corrosion resisting properties of 3CR12 in order to gain full advantage of potential material and fabrication savings.

This document covers black (hot rolled and annealed) 3CR12 as well as pickled (No1 and 2B) material, 3CR12 is available in the following finishes HRA, No 1, 2D and 2B, Whereas the latter three finishes can be used for all suitable 3CR12 applications, the HRA finish should only be used in applications where wet sliding abrasion occurs. It should never be used in immersion conditions The mechanical properties of the HRA material are similar to those of the No 1 finish material. A long term atmospheric programme conducted over 20 years by the CSIR has shown 3CR12 to have very good atmospheric corrosion resistance.

Properties of 3CR12
Chemical Composition

%C	%Ni	%Mn	%Si	%P	%S	%Cr	Other
0.03 Max	1.5 Max	1.5 Max	1.0 Max	0.03 Max	0.03 Max	11.0 - 12,0	Ti 0.6 Max

1. Mechanical Properties

Ultimate Tensile Strength (Transverse)	450 MPa Min
0.2% Offset Proof Strength (Transverse)	< 6,0 mm thick - 320 MPa Min > 6,0 mm thick - 280 MPa Min
Elongation (in 50mm)	< 6,0 mm thick = 20% Min
	> 6,0 mm thick = 18% Min
Hardness	< 12.0 mm thick - 220 Brinell Max
	> 12.0 mm thick - 250 Brinell Max
Charpy Impact (Ambient temperature)	35 J/cm² Min

2. Fatigue

Extensive testing has shown that 3CR12 behaves in a similar manner to constructional steels such as BS4360 Grade 43A in terms of fatigue. Accepted procedures when desgning for fatigue loaded structures should be followed. BSBS7068 can be used.

3. Physical Properties

At Room Temperature.
Density		7 740 kg/m³
Elastic Modulus (Tension)		200 GPa
Specific Heat Capacity		478 J/kg K
Thermal Conductivity	@ 100^oC	30.5 W/m K
	@ 500^oC	40.0 W/m K
Electrical Resistivity		66 x 10^-9Wm
Co-efficient of	0-100^oC	11,1 mm/mK
thermal expansion	0-300^oC	11.7 mm/mK
	0-700^oC	12.3 mm/mK
Melting Range		1'430 - 1'510^oC
Relative Permeability		Ferromagnetic

4. Corrosion Resistance

3CR12, with chromium as its major alloying element, is not intended as a material for use in contact with process solutions such as acids, salts, etc. It is more suited to applications involving ancilliary equipment on process plants such as cable racking, stairways, flooring, handrailing, etc. 3CR12 is a "corrosion resistant" rather than "stainless" steel and as such, will tend to form a light, surface rust or discolouration when exposed to aggressive environments. This patina is superficial and does not affect the mechanical properties of the steel.
Should aesthetic or hygienic qualities be of prime importance, stainless steels rather than 3CR12 should be considered, although 3CR12 can be successfully painted with a number of paint systems.

Aqueous Corrosion

It is recommended that consultations be held with Columbus Stainless technical staff on the use of 3CR12 in water.
At the design stage, efforts must be made to avoid crevices, sedimentation, stagnancy, high operating temperatures etc., as these facts will have a negative impact on the performance of the steel.
3CR12 is not recommended for use in hot water systems unless detailed testing has previously been carried out.

Atmospheric Corrosion

A long term atmospheric corrosion programme conducted over 10 years by the CSIR has shown 3CR12 to have very good atmospheric corrosion resistance. Data on the performance of various materials at different test sites is available from VRN Technical staff.

5. Fabrication of 3CR12

Note: A detailed 3CR12 fabrication guideline is available from Columbus Stainless.

Cutting

For general fabrication requirements, the most effective cutting methods are:

Abrasive disc	- use dedicated discs
	- avoid overheating
	- vitrified or resinoid aluminium oxide discs recommended

Plasma	- oxygen-free nitrogen is the most economical primary cutting gas. (Other gasses can be used)
	- heat discolouration must be removed prior to use in a corrosive environment

Guillotine	- use well sharpened and correctly alligned and set blades to avoid sheared breaks and rollover.
	- capacity of guillotine (rated in terms of mild steel thickness) must be downrated by 40% of 3CR12.

Forming

It is important to note that due to the higher proof strength of 3CR12, more power is required for most forming operations, than would be needed for mild steel.
When bending 3CR12 it is important to maintain a minimum inner bend radius equal to twice the material thickness. Reverse bending at ambient temperatures is not recommended - the bend area should be preheated to +- 150^oC . Edge cracks can be avoided by placing the cut face on the outside radius of the bend and the sheared face on the inside. This type of cracking can also be prevented by grinding the outside radius point of bending into a rounded profile, thus eliminating the natural stress concentration point.

Welding

Manual metal arc, metal inert gas and tungsten inert gas are the common procedures used. All welding procedures must ensure that heat inputs are kept to a minimum. Down-hand welding is the preferred welding position and bead runs rather than weaving should be used. Austenitic stainless steel filler metals such as AWS ER 309L, 308L, or 316L should be used.
In order to ensure adequate corrosion resistance in weld zones, it is necessary to remove all heat tint by pickling or by some mechanical means and passivating with a cold 10% nitric acid solution after cleaning. Thorough washing with clean, cold water pickling and passivating is essential.

Machining

In the annealed condition, 3CR12 has machining characteristics similar to AISI 430 i.e. a machinability rating of 60. The reduced extent of work-hardening compared to austenitic stainless steel eliminates the need for special cutting tools and lubricants. Slow speeds and heavy feeds with sufficient emulsion lubricant will prevent machining problems.

Fastening

Where 3CR12 sections are to be bolted, stainless feel fasteners such as type 304 or 431 are preferred. If bolted structures are to be used in humid or wet environments, it is strongly recommended that compressible, non-absorbant gaskets such as rubber be used.

Thermal Processing

Annealing
3CR12 is supplied in the annealed condition, its softest and most ductile state. After severe cold forming operations or after hot forming operations above 750^oC, annealing may be required. Annealing is carried out at 700-750^oC followed by air cooling.
Soaking times are 12 hours per 25mm section.

Stress Relieving
Stress relieving is not recommended for 3CR12. If it is essential, temperatures of not more than 450^oC should be employed.

Hot Forming
Any hot forming should preferably be conducted at temperatures below 750^oC. The recommended temperature range is between 600^oC and 700^oC and annealing should be performed after forming.

Source: www.fanagalo.co.za

Properties of Stainless Steel - Grade 316, 316L

2011-06-25T01:45:00.000-07:00

SX 316 / 316L Technical Data
Summary

SX 316 is an improved version of SX 304, with the addition of molybdenum and a slightly higher nickel content. The resultant composition of SX 316 gives the steel much increased corrosion resistance in many aggressive environments. The molybdenum makes the steel more resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride-contaminated media, sea water and acetic acid vapours. The lower rate of general corrosion in mildly corrosive environments gives the steel good atmospheric corrosion resistance in polluted marine atmospheres.
SX 316 offers higher strength and better creep resistance at higher temperatures than SX 304. SX 316 also possesses excellent mechanical and corrosion properties at sub-zero temperatures. When there is a danger of corrosion in the heat-affected zones of weldments, the low-carbon variety SX 316L should be used. SX 316 Ti, the titanium-stabilised version, is used for its resistance to sensitization during prolonged exposure in the 550^oC-800^oC temperature range.

Typical Applications

Because of its superior corrosion and oxidation resistance, good mechanical properties and fabricability, SX 316 has applications in many sectors of industry. Some of these include:
Tanks and storage vessels for corrosive liquids.
Specialised process equipment in the chemical, food, paper, mining, pharmaceutical and petroleum industries.
Architectural applications in highly corrosive environments.

Chemical Composition (ASTM A 240)

	C	Mn	P	S	Si	Cr	Ni	Mo	Ti
SX316 SX316L SX316Ti	0.08 max 0.03 max 0.08 max	2.0 max	0.045 max	0.030 max	1.0 max	16.0 to 18.0	10.0 to 14.0	2.00 to 3.00	- 0.5 max 5X%C

Typical properties in the annealed condition
The properties quoted in this publication are typical of mill products and unless indicated must not be regarded as guaranteed minimum values for specification purposes.

1. Mechanical properties at room temperature

	SX316		SX316L		SX316Ti
	Typical	Minimum	Typical	Minimum	Typical	Minimum
Tensile Strength, MPa	580	515	570	485	600	515
Proof Stress (0.2 % offset), MPa	310	205	300	170	320	205
Elongation (Percent in L = 5.65 S_o)	55	40	60	40	50	40
Hardness (Brinell)	165	-	165	-	165	-
Erichsen Cup Test Value mm	8 - 10	-	10 - 11	-	-	-
Endurance (fatigue) limit, MPa	260	-	260	-	260	-

2. Properties at elevated temperatures
The values given refer to SX 316 and SX 316 Ti only as strength values for SX 316L fall rapidly above 425^oC.

Short Time Elevated Temperature Tensile Strength

Temperature, C	600	700	800	900	1000
Strength, MPa	460	320	190	120	70

Creep data
Stress for a creep rate of 1% in 10 000 h

Temperature, ^oC	550	600	650	700	800
Stress, MPa	160	120	90	60	20

Recommended Maximum Service Temperature
(Oxidising conditions)

Continuous Service 925^oC
Intermittent Service 870^oC

3. Properties at Sub-Zero Temperatures
( SX 316 )

Temperature	^oC	-78	-161	-196
Proof Strength (0.2% Offset)	MPa	400	460	580
Tensile Strength	MPa	820	1150	1300
Impact Strength (Charpy V-Notch)	J	180	165	155

4. Corrosion Resistance

4.1    Aqueous
         For specific conditions, consult VRN technical staff. As a rough guide, the following examples are given
         for pure acid-water mixtures.

Temperature^oC	20	80
Concentration, (-% by mass)	10 20 40 60 80 100	10 20 40 60 80 100
Sulphuric Acid	0 1 2 2 1 0	2 2 2 2 2 2
Nitric Acid	0 0 0 0 0 1	0 0 0 0 1 2
Phosphoric Acid	0 0 0 0 1 2	0 0 0 0 1 2
Formic Acid	0 0 0 1 1 0	0 0 1 1 1 0

Key:         0 = resistant    -    corrosion rate less than 100 mm/year
                 1 = partly resistant    -    corrosion rate 100 m to 1000 mm/year
                2 = non resistant    - corrosion rate more than 1000 mm/year

4.2    Atmospheric
          The performance of SX 316 compared with other metals in various environments is shown in the
          following table. Corrosion rate is based on a 5 year exposure.

Environment	Corrosion Rate (mm/year)
Environment	SX 316	Aluminium-3S	Mild Steel
Rural	0.0025	0.025	5.8
Marine	0.0076	0.432	34.0
Marine-Industrial	0.0051	0.686	46.2

Note: For corrosion resistance of SX 316 relative to other types, see the section in Comparative Data.

4.3 Thermal Processing

4.3.1 Annealing. Heat from 1 010^oC to 1 120^oC and cool rapidly in air or water. The best corrosion
resistance is obtained when the final annealing temperature is above 1 070^oC.

4.3.2 Stress relieving. Heat from 200 - 400^oC and air cool.

4.3.3 Hot working
          Initial forging and pressing:                                    1150 - 1200^oC
          Finishing temperature:                                            above 900^oC
          For upsetting operations, forgings
          should be finished between:                                   930 and 980^oC
          All hot working operations should be followed by annealing.

Note: Soaking times to ensure uniformity of temperature are up to 12 times that required for the same thickness of mild steel.

Cold Working

SX 316 / 316L, being extremely tough and ductile, can be readily fabricated by cold working. Typical operations include bending, forming, deep drawing and upsetting.

Source: www.fanagalo.co.za

Chinese nickel prices seen down, investors may stock up-trade

2011-06-19T02:36:00.000-07:00

Prices may fall to 150,000 yuan in next 1-2 months

* Investors may stock up after making good margins previously

By Polly Yam

HONG KONG, June 14 (Reuters) - Chinese spot nickel prices may drop in the next one to two months as stainless steel mills cut demand, but this may allow investors to stock up the metal that generated profit margins of more than 25 percent in the last two years, trade sources said.

Spot nickel prices NI-1-CCNMM dropped on Tuesday to 7-month lows around 171,000 yuan ($26,377) as demand fell from stainless steel producers, who mopped up the bulk of China's annual nickel demand of more than 500,000 tonnes in 2010 and 2011. Weak international prices also pressured Chinese prices.

Three-month nickel on the London Metal Exchange hit its lowest since November 2010 at $22,120 a tonne on Monday, as worries about a growth slowdown and soft stainless steel demand in Europe triggered sales. The price stood at $22,230 at 0735 GMT on Tuesday.

"Some investors and merchants may stock up nickel if prices drop to about 150,000 yuan," said a trader at a large Chinese trading and investment firm in Shanghai, who saw the price falling to that level as early as July given that stainless steel mills were not keen to buy spot nickel now.

He added that some investors had built up nickel stocks when prices were around 150,000 yuan in June 2010 and sold the stocks above 200,000 yuan in the first quarter of 2011.

That was not the first time Chinese investors pocketed hefty profits from nickel, traders said. In late 2008 and early 2009, many investors had stocked up refined nickel after the global financial crisis drove Chinese prices below 90,000 yuan.

STAINLESS STEEL DEMAND

In China, stainless steel producers typically conduct yearly repairs in the summer as products plants cut production in June-July, hurting demand for nickel, industry sources said.

"Usually stainless steel mills do repairs in July-August as demand (for stainless steel) falls," said Chen Shufang, analyst at state-backed research firm Antaike.

Nickel consumption has also been hit by China's power shortages and an increased demand from stainless steel producers for nickel pig-iron, a cheaper alternative to the refined metal, traders said.

Power shortages have cut production at products plants in Zhejiang, said a senior executive at a stainless steel tubes producer in the eastern province, a major producer of stainless steel and products in China, the world's top stainless steel maker.

Antaike's Chen said China's tight credit policy had also been making demand for stainless steel weaker than many had expected so far this year.

Chen did not provide a demand estimate for 2011.

Last week, Chinese steel giant Baosteel's stainless steel unit said it expected stainless steel consumption in China to grow 5 to 7 percent per year over the next five to 10 years.

Chen expects China to produce 14 million tonnes of stainless steel in 2011, which will be a rise of 13 percent from 12.4 million tonnes in 2010, due to new capacity.

She said the 2011 output estimate would be valid even if some stainless steel mills consider cutting output in the second half of this year.

"Demand has increased, but output has risen faster," said a senior executive at China Stainless Steel Exchange, a local marketplace in Zhejiang's Wuxi city, a major base metals and steel trading hub in China.

The 304 stainless steel cold-rolled coil, the most popular type in the Chinese market, traded at 22,700 yuan per tonne on Monday, down near 2 percent from end-May and a fall of 7 percent so far this year, data on the website showed. (www.exbxg.com)

Twenty-six warehouses in Wuxi held 228,602 tonnes of stainless steel stocks in late May versus 117,519 tonnes in early January. ($1=6.483 yuan) (Editing by Himani Sarkar)

Source:www.reuters.com

China’s Steel Output Rose to Record in May on Property Construction Demand

2011-06-19T02:11:00.000-07:00

China steel production rose to the highest on record last month, boosted by construction demand. Crude-steel production from the world’s biggest steel producer rose 7.8 percent to 60.25 million metric tons in May from a year earlier, according to data released today by the Beijing-based National Bureau Statistics.

Construction of new properties in China, the world’s second-largest economy, climbed 24 percent in the first five months, even as the government tried to slow the economy. China wants to cool the real-estate market and rein in bank lending to counter inflation.

“China’s tightening measures have had little impact on builders,” said Henry Liu, a Hong Kong-based analyst with Mirae Assets Securities Ltd. “Construction at China’s second and third-tier cities remain active.”

Chinese prices of reinforcing bars, used to build homes, bridges and roads, have climbed for four straight weeks to 5,036 yuan ($777) a ton as of yesterday, according to researcher Beijing Antaike Information Development Co. Prices of hot-rolled coil, a benchmark flat product, fell 0.5 percent in the same period to 4,850 yuan.

Smaller steelmakers in China are likely to benefit from the stronger prices for construction steel, while bigger mills are suffering because they make flat products used by automakers and appliances, Liu said.

Baoshan Iron & Steel Co., China’s biggest publicly traded steelmaker, cut product prices by between 100 yuan and 200 yuan a ton for July delivery on June 9 because of slowing demand from automakers and appliances companies.

Source:www.bloomberg.com

Properties of ASTM A 350 LF2

2011-06-14T00:12:00.000-07:00

Low Temp Forged Carbon Steel
ASTM A350-LF2 Temperature range (-50 to 800 deg. F) Where corrosion resistance is not important. This material is heat treated "Forgings of [LF2] shall be furnished in the normalized, or in the normalized and tempered, or in the quenched and tempered condition.

Chemical composition (%)

C 0.3 max
Mn 0.6-1.35
P 0.35max
S 0.040max
Si 0.15-0.30
Cr 0.30max
Mo 0.12max
Cu 0.40max
Nb 0.02max
V 0.08max
The sum of copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo) shall not exceed 1,00%
The sum of chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo) shall not exceed 0,32%
Carbon Equivalent CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/ 15 max 0,47

Mechanical Properties

Tensile Strength : 485-655MPa
Yield Strength: 250MPa
Elongation (A %): 22

Hardness: 197HB

Properties of Carbon Steels A333 Grade 6

2011-06-09T23:49:00.000-07:00

Specifications
The following specifications cover Carbon Steels A333 Grade 6
Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature Service

ASTM A106 (B) (Pipe- Seamless)

ASTM A234 (WPB)

ASTM A333 Grade 6

ASTM A334 Grade 6

ASTM A369 (FPB) (Forging - Open Die)

ASTM A556 (C2)

UNS K03006

Principal Design Features		This specification covers seamless and welded steel pipe for low temperature service. The Grade 6 alloy steel involved is similar to AISI 4032 low alloy steel.

Applications		Used for low temperature service piping down to minus 50 F.

Machinability		Machinability is good, similar to law alloy 4032 steel.

Forming		The product comes in piping form but may be formed readily by conventional methods.

Welding		Weldable by conventional methods.

Heat Treatment		Product is supplied in the normalized, 1500 f and air cooled, condition. It may be quenched and tempered by heating to 1475 F, quench in circulating water and then temper by re-heating to 1100 F and rapid air cooling.

Forging		Product is supplied in pipe form and not normally forged from that shape.

Hot Working		Hot working may be done qt 2000 F down to 1600 F if need be. Do not hot work below 1550 F and immediately following hot working cool in a controlled atmosphere furnace from a temperature above 1550 F.

Cold Working		Cold working may be done by conventional methods.

Annealing		Anneal, or normalize, at 1600 F and air cool.

Aging		Not applicable.

Tempering		See "Heat Treatment"

Hardening		Hardens from cold working or heat treatment. See "Heat Treatment".

Other Comments		Grade 6 is a low alloy steel similar to 4032 in properties. Tensile strength requirement for Grade 6 is 60 ksi minimum and notched-bar impact strength is 4 to 13 ft. lbs. depending upon section size.

Physical Data :


Density (lb / cu. in.)	0.284
Specific Gravity	7.9
Specific Heat (Btu/lb/Deg F - [32-212 Deg F])	0.105
Melting Point (Deg F)	2750
Thermal Conductivity	360
Mean Coeff Thermal Expansion	6.3
Modulus of Elasticity Tension	30
Modulus of Elasticity Torsion	11

Chemical Composition (%)

	Grade 1	Grade 6	Grade 10
Carbon, max	0.30	0.30	0.20
Manganese	0.40-1.06	0.29-1.06	1.15-1.50
Phosphorus, Sulfur, max	0.025	0.025	0.035/0.015
Silicon, min	…	0.10	0.10-0.35
Nickel, max	…	…	0.25
Chrome, Copper, max	…	…	0.15
Columbium, Molybdenum, max	…	…	0.05
Aluminum, max	…	…	0.06
Vanadium, max	…	…	0.12

Mechanical Properties

	Grade 1	Grade 6	Grade 10
Tensile strength, min, (MPa)	380	415	550
Yield strength, min, (MPa)	205	240	450
Elongation, min, (%), L/T	35/25	30/16.5	22/…

Valve Remanufacturing Welding Procedures

2011-06-08T04:18:00.000-07:00

All weld procedures are to be approved by Quality Assurance Manager

All general repair and modification welding is to be done by Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) (or MIG) method only unless prior approval has been given.

All seating surface overlay welding is to be done by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) (or TIG) method only unless prior approval has been given.

When applying overlays that require preheat are applied to P # 8 base materials the preheat temperature applied should be as minimal as practical.

All welds shall have dye-penetrant examination performed on them during the process as necessary and after final finishing of the part.

* (Per ANSI B31.3) Recommended Preheat

¹ (Per ANSI B31.3) 1100-1200°F for nominal thickness > ¾” and no PWHT for nominal thickness < ¾”.

² (Per ANSI B31.3) 1300-1375°F for nominal thickness > ½” and no PWHT for nominal thickness < ½”.

³ (Per ANSI B31.3) 1300-1400°F for nominal thickness > ½” and no PWHT for nominal thickness < ½”.

⁴ (Per ANSI B31.3) 1350-1450°F for all thickness.

⁵ 15 minute minimum holding time

⁶ (Per ASTM A182) Recommended Preheat and Interpass Temperature Range

(Note: Some of these values conflict with ANSI/ASME B31.3 values)

⁷ (Per ASTM A182) 1900°F PWHT + WQ with no holding time given

(per paragraph 12.1.5 “... may be (welded) without (PWHT)...”)

⁸ Listed as A5.9/28 because these classifications are in the process of being added to AWS A 5.28 and deleted from AWS A 5.9

Source: qualichek.com

Properties of Stainless steel AISI Type 431

2011-05-24T03:41:00.000-07:00

Category	Steel
Class	Stainless steel
Type	Martensitic standard
Common Names	Chromium steel
Designations	France: AFNOR Z 15 CN 16.02 , AFNOR Z 6 CNU 17.04 Germany: DIN 1.4057 Italy: UNI X 16 CrNi 16 Japan: JIS SUS 431 United Kingdom: B.S. 431 S 29 , B.S. 5 S 80 United States: AMS 5628 , ASTM A276 , ASTM A314 , ASTM A473 , ASTM A493 , ASTM A579 (grade 63) , ASTM A580 , MIL SPEC MIL-S-862 , SAE 51431 , SAE J405 (51431) , UNS S43100

Composition

Element	Weight %
C	0.20
Mn	1.00
Si	1.00
Cr	15.0-17.0
Ni	1.25-2.50
P	0.04
S	0.03

Mechanical Properties

Properties		Conditions
Properties		T (°C)	Treatment
Density (×1000 kg/m³)	7.8	25
Poisson's Ratio	0.27-0.30	25
Elastic Modulus (GPa)	200	25
Tensile Strength (Mpa)	965	25	annealed, cold finished (wire)
Yield Strength (Mpa)
Elongation (%)
Reduction in Area (%)

Thermal Properties

Properties		Conditions
Properties		T (°C)	Treatment
Thermal Expansion (10^-6/ºC)	10.2	0-100
Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K)	20.2	100
Specific Heat (J/kg-K)	460	0-100

Electric Properties

Properties		Conditions
Properties		T (°C)	Treatment
Electric Resistivity (10^-9W-m)	720	25

Source: efunda.com

How Bolts & Nuts are Made

2011-05-24T02:57:00.000-07:00

Take a quick tour of the shop and follow an order of large anchor bolts through the manufacturing process. This video includes shearing, hot forging, threading, and galvanizing.

ASTM A449: Headed bolts, Rods, and Anchor bolts

2011-05-23T03:33:00.000-07:00

Scope

ASTM A449 covers headed bolts, rods, and anchor bolts in diameters ranging from 1/4" through 3" inclusive. It is a medium strength bolt manufactured from a medium carbon or alloy steel that develops its mechanical values through a heat treating process. It is intended for general engineering applications.ASTM A449 is virtually identical in chemistry and strength to ASTM A325 and SAE J429 grade 5. However, A449 is more flexible in the sense that it covers a larger diameter range and is not restricted by a specific configuration.

TYPES

TYPE 1	Plain carbon steel, carbon boron steel, alloy steel, or alloy boron steel.
TYPE 2	Withdrawn 2003
TYPE 3	Weathering steel.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Size	Tensile, ksi	Yield, ksi	Elong. %, min	RA %, min
1/4 - 1	120 min	92 min	14	35
1-1/8 - 1-1/2	105 min	81 min	14	35
1-5/8 - 3	90 min	58 min	14	35

RECOMMENDED NUTS and WASHERS

Nuts			Washers
Plain		Galvanized
1/4 - 1-1/2	1-5/8 - 3	1/4 - 3
A563B Hex	A563A Heavy Hex	A563DH Heavy Hex	F436
Note: Nuts of other grades having proof load stresses greater than the specified grade are suitable. The ASTM A563 Nut Compatibility Chart has a complete list of specifications.

Source: portlandbolt.com

Anchor Bolts Types

2011-05-23T02:23:00.000-07:00

Anchor bolts are used to attach structures and fixtures to masonry. Light posts, bridge railings and hand rails are examples of items requiring anchor bolts to attach them securely to concrete slabs or floors. In addition, walls and stairs are permanently fastened to concrete slabs and other walls during construction, using various sizes of anchor bolts. Most anchor bolts are a minimum of 1/2-inch in diameter in order to provide adequate tensile strength.

J- and L-hook anchor bolts have a bend at one end to grab onto the concrete or masonry structure. These type of anchor bolts are normally cast-in-place---meaning they are inserted into the concrete as soon as it is poured. The concrete cures, and securing retains the bolts in place.

Headed bolts are also cast-in-place anchors. A large head at one end of the bolt holds the anchor bolt in place withing the concrete. The bolts are set in place into wet concrete. The threaded portion of the anchor bolt extends above the surface of the concrete for attaching a washer and nut.

For installation in existing concrete or masonry, wedge-type anchor bolts are used. A hole drilled into the concrete holds the wedge anchor bolt in position. A nut and flat-washer threads onto the opposite end of the bolt. As the nut is tightened, the wedge anchor pulls toward the nut, causing the wedge to spread inside the concrete hole and firmly set itself into place.

Source: ehow.com

ASTM A490 Specification: quenched and tempered, alloy steel, heavy hex structural bolts

2011-05-23T02:14:00.000-07:00

Scope

The ASTM A490 specification covers quenched and tempered, alloy steel, heavy hex structural bolts from ½” diameter through 1½” diameter with a minimum 150 ksi tensile. These bolts are intended for use in structural connections and therefore have shorter thread lengths than standard hex bolts. Refer to the Structural Bolts page of our site for thread lengths and other related dimensions. A490 bolts are similar in application and dimensions to A325 heavy hex structural bolts but are made from an alloy steel rather than a medium carbon steel, resulting in a higher strength fastener.
The A490 specification is applicable to heavy hex structural bolts only. For bolts with different thread lengths than specified for structural bolts but with similar mechanical properties, see Specification A354 grade BD.
ASTM A490 bolts shall not be coated by hot-dip galvanizing, mechanical deposition, or electroplating with zinc or other metallic coatings due to the potential risk of hydrogen embrittlement.
Additional testing in the form of Magnetic Particle Inspection for Longitudinal Discontinuities and Transverse Cracks is a requirement of the A490 specification.

Types

TYPE 1	Medium carbon and alloy steel.
TYPE 2	Withdrawn in 2002.
TYPE 3	Weathering steel.

M	Metric A490.

Connection Types

SC	Slip critical connection.
N	Bearing type connection with threads included in the shear plane.
X	Bearing type connection with threads excluded from the shear plane.

Mechanical Properties

Size	Tensile, ksi	Yield, ksi	Elong. %, min	RA %, min
1/2 - 1-1/2	150-173	130	14	40

Recommended Nuts and Washers

Nuts			Washers
Type 1		Type 3	Type 1	Type 3
A563DH		A563DH3	F436-1	F436-3

Note: Nuts conforming to A194 Grade 2H are a suitable substitute for use with A490 heavy hex structural bolts. Follow the link for an ASTM A563 Nut Compatibility Chart.

Notes

The bolts shall not be coated by hot-dip zinc coating, mechanical deposition, or electroplating with zinc or other metallic coatings due to the potential for hydrogen embrittlement. Read more about issues with galvanizing ASTM A490.
Each sample representative of the lot shall be magnetic particle inspected for longitudinal discontinuities and transverse cracks.

Source: www.portlandbolt.com

WELDING CARBON STEEL

2011-05-21T22:13:00.000-07:00

The following information is not intended to be a guide to welding structures in Industry. It is intended as a basic introduction to a complex subject known as Metallurgy. In many Industrial settings the procedure to be followed when welding a given type and grade of metal is established through testing to a specific Code or Standard or through practical experience. However; it may be useful for the welder to understand the affects of welding on metal. One of the most widely welded classifications of metal is the group of carbon steels.

WHY DOES THE WELDER NEED TO KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT THE STEEL HE IS ASKED TO WELD?

In many cases the welder needs only to know the techniques of actual welding and does not need to be concerned about the type or grade of steel being welded. This is because a large amount of steel used in fabricating a metal structure is low Carbon or plain carbon steel (also called mild steel). When welding these steels with any of the common arc welding processes like Stick Mig or Tig there are generally few precautions necessary to prevent changing the properties of the steel.

Steels that have higher amounts of Carbon or other alloys added may require special procedures such as preheating and slow cooling, to prevent cracking or changing the strength characteristics of the steel. The welder may be involved in following a specific welding procedure to ensure weld metal and base metal have the desired strength characteristics.

WHAT ARE THE TERMS USED TO DESCRIBE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF METAL?

Before reviewing the weldability of steel we need to understand the terms used to describe the changes that may occur due to welding the steels.

Review the definitions below as an introduction and refer back to them as necessary.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL

Mechanical properties are the properties of the steel reacting to some load or mechanical working such as bending, machining, or shaping. Mechanical properties affect how the metal will react when fabricating a structure. While Iron is a relatively soft metal that can be easily shaped or formed, other elements may be added to the iron to give it a specific strength or enhanced mechanical properties.

The terms used to describe these properties are as follows:

STRESS

Stress is defined as the load per unit area and is measured in pounds per square inch. Stress is pressure acting on a weld or metal to pull it apart, twist it, compress it, or shear it, depending on the direction and type of load. In some cases one or more of the above loads may be applied in varying degrees.

STRAIN

Strain is the resulting deformation of the applied stress. For example: If a piece has stress acting to bend it, the amount or degree to which the piece bends is the measure of the strain. In other words stress and strain go together, for instance; if you stress your back by lifting or carrying a heavy load the resulting pain or damage is the strain.

ELASTICITY

Elasticity is the property of a material that when stressed or has a force applied allows the shape to return to its original shape. In other word when the load is removed there is no appreciable strain or deformation. Metals have a limit of elasticity and when the load increases beyond the limit deformation or strain will occur.

PLASTICITY

Plasticity is the ability of a metal to be deformed or shaped without rupture. For example a piece of plain carbon steel can be shaped easier then a piece of tool steel without rupturing or breaking.

STRENGTH

Strength is the ability of a material to resist deformation. Plasticity and strength work together since plasticity is the ability to take the applied load its strength is the ability to withstand or resist deforming under the load. Metals with high strength will deform less than metals with lower strength.

TENSILE STRENGTH

The tensile strength is the ability of a metal to withstand forces acting to pull it apart and is measured in pounds per square inch. For example: the E-7018 electrode produces a weld with a tensile strength of 70,000 pounds per square inch as shown by the first two digits of its number.

DUCTILITY

Ductility is the ability of a metal to be easily shaped or elongated without failure or rupture. Generally metals with high tensile strength are tougher but have lower ductility and ductile metals are softer and have lower tensile strength. Ductility is the property that allows metals such as aluminum and copper to be drawn into wire forms.

HARDNESS

Hardness is defined as the ability of a material to resist indentation and is a function of its elastic and plastic properties. The harder the metal the more it is able to resist wear and tear.

MALLEABILITY

Malleability is the ability of a metal to be shaped by compressive forces without rupture. Metals with good malleability can be rolled into thin sheets. For example gold has high malleability and can be rolled and shaped into thin sheets.

BRITTLENESS

Brittleness is basically a term used to describe the lack of plasticity or ductility. A brittle metal cannot be easily deformed or shaped. For example: a hardened steel or cast iron may be brittle and show very little resistance to impact or shock.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STEEL

Physical properties are related to the structure and nature of the steel or Alloy and include density, electrical conductivity, heat conductivity, melting point, magnetic properties, reflectivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion.

Of the above properties, one of the most important is the coefficient of thermal expansion. Steel when heated increases in length, width, and thickness. The increase in unit length when a metal is heated one degree is called its coefficient of thermal expansion. When welding takes place a localized area is heated to melting temperature and begins cooling, steel that has a high coefficient of thermal expansion such as Stainless Steel will warp or change dimensionally more than regular steel. Distortion or warping due to welding will be covered in a later lesson.

CARBON STEELS

What is Carbon Steel?

Carbon Steel is principally a mixture (or Alloy) of Iron and Carbon with small amounts of silicon, sulfur, phosphorous, and manganese. Other elements may be added to the steel to impart a specific quality to enhance its usefulness.

An Alloy may be thought of as a recipe, similar to a recipe for chicken soup that has ingredients to enhance the flavor, Iron has other elements or ingredients to enhance the properties of the Iron.

In plain carbon steels it is the Carbon additive that has the greatest effect on the strength and weldability of the steel.

The carbon is added to the Iron in varying amounts to harden or strengthen the steel. As carbon content increases the hardness and tensile strength increases and the ductility, plasticity, and malleability will decrease.

The reason the carbon content or carbon recipe varies is to produce a family of steels that exhibit the desired characteristics for a given application.

HOW DOES THE AMOUNT OF CARBON AFFECT WELDABILITY OF STEELS?

In general as the carbon content increases the weldability (how easily welded) decreases. In other words the higher the carbon content the more likely special procedures such as preheating, interpass temperature control and postheating are necessary.

The following chart groups carbon content, typical uses and weldability.

Group	Content %	Typical usage	Weldability
Low carbon steel	0.15 Maximum	Welding electrodes, rivets and nails softer easily formed shapes.	Excellent weldability with all processes usually no preheat interpass or postheat necessary
Mild steel Plain carbon	0.15 to 0.30	Plate, angle, and bar stock for general fabrication. Mild steel accounts for a large segment of welded parts of Industry where good plasticity and ductility is required.	Readily weldable with all processes without preheat, interpass, or postheat except for very thick sections.
Medium carbon steel	0.30 to 0.50	Used for Machine parts, gears, and where parts may be hardened by heat treating.	Parts may be readily welded with all process if preheat, interpass temperature controls, and post heat recommendations are followed. Use Low hydrogen Electrodes and appropriate filler wire. Heat treating after welding may be applied
High carbon steels	0.50 To 1.0	Springs, Dies, Railroad Track, Many tools, Band saws, and Knives. Also used where a sharp edge is required.	Usually require preheat interpass temperature control and postheat. Special heating and cooling procedures in a furnace such as normalizing may be required to restore the properties of the metal after welding. High carbon Electrodes designed for welding tool steels or the specific alloy are readily available from welding supply companies.

Note: As carbon increases steel toughness and welding precautions increase

WHAT TOOLS DO WELDERS TYPICALLY USE WHEN PREHEATING, INTERPASS TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND POSTHEATING RECOMMENDATIONS ARE MADE?

When sophisticated inspection tools, ovens, and furnaces are not required or used a welder may use an oxy-fuel torch and tempelsticks (tempilstik) to control preheating, interpass temperatures, and postheat. Tempilstiks are crayon like indicators made of materials that melt within 1% of their rated temperature. Mark the workpiece before heating begins. The dry opaque Tempilstik mark will change to a distinct melted mark when the temperature rating of the selected Tempilstik has been reached. Tempilstiks are available in a range of temperatures making them useful for controlling temperature fluctuations between multiple pass welds (interpass temperature) and for cooling parts.

To slow the cooling rate of small parts welders use methods to keep the part warm and exclude air such as; burying in sand or some other medium, or wrapping in a fire retardant blanket.

HOW ARE STEELS CLASSIFIED?

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the Society Of Automotive Engineers (SAE) use a four or five digit numbering system to classify steels by chemical composition. The first digit indicates the type of steel, the second digit indicates the approximate percentage of the main alloying element, and the last two or three digits indicate the average carbon content. For example; in the case of the widely used 1020 steel, the first digit indicates carbon steel the second digit indicates no predominant alloy other than carbon and the last two digits indicate .20 carbon content.

The following shows some of the AISI SAE series designations of steel with xx representing the range of carbon content for the group.

SERIES DESIGNATION	TYPE OF STEEL
Carbon Steels
10xx	Plain Carbon
11xx	Machining Resulferized
12xx	Machining Resulferized Phospherized
Manganese Steels
13xx	Manganese 1.75
Nickel Steels
31xx	Nickel 3.5
25xx	Nickel 5.0
Nickel Chromium Steels
31xx	Nickel 1.25 Chromium 0.60
32xx	Nickel 1.75 Chromium 1.00
33xx	Nickel 3.5 Chromium 1.5
34xx	Nickel 3.0 Chromium 0.77
Molybdenum Steels
40xx	Molybdenum Carbon
41xx	Molybdenum Chromium
43xx	Molybdenum Nickel Chromium
Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Steels
43xx	Nickel Chromium Molybdenum
Nickel Molybdenum Steels
46xx	Nickel Molybdenum
48xx	Nickel Molybdenum
Chromium Steels
50xx	Chromium
51xx	Chromium

As shown by the above chart the first group of steels are the Carbon steels. The other groups of steels have additional elements ( alloys) added to enhance their properties in some specific way.

HOW DOES THE ADDITIONAL ELEMENTS IN THE ABOVE CHART AFFECT THE STEEL AND WELDABILITY?

Low alloy steels are Carbon steels that have additional elements added (alloyed) to produce a classification of steel that has a specific benefit for production use. Although Carbon is the main alloy that affects hardenability and weldability other elements also harden steel and play a role in the weldability of steel. For example Manganese and Molybdenum aid in hardening steels. For this reason a formula may be applied to a classification of steel to roughly determine the hardenability and hence the weldability and need for pre-heating. One example of a formula is shown below.

Carbon equivalent for alloy steels

CE = % C + %Mn + Ni + Cr + Mo + V

6 15 6 4 5

CE = Carbon Equivalent

C = Carbon

Mn = Manganese

Ni = Nickel

Cr = Chromium

Mo = Molybdenum

V = Vanadium

Manganese

Manganese is used to harden steels and increase its toughness and strength. High manganese content coupled with increased carbon content lowers the ductility and weldability. Consideration of preheat and or postheat techniques usually apply.

Molybdenum

May be used in conjunction with other elements to aid in hardening and provide steel with good strength at elevated temperatures. Preheating may be required for welding and they are often heat treated after welding.

Nickel

Nickel may be used to Increase toughness and impact strength and improve corrosion resistance. Good strength and ductility may be obtained even with lower carbon content. Depending on the amount added special procedures may be necessary when welding.

Chromium

Chromium helps improve the hardenability of steels and improves wear resistance, heat resistance, and corrosion resistance. Depending on the amount added special procedures may be necessary when welding.

Chromium and Chromium Nickel are used in the production of Stainless Steel.

The Strength and Mechanical properties of carbon and alloy steels may be changed or shaped for a specific application by heat treating in furnaces or ovens. When two pieces of metal are welded using any of the commonly used arc welding processes: Stick, Mig, Or Tig the metals and filler are heated to the melting temperature under the arc and allowed to solidify to form the weld.

HOW DOES THE WELDER KNOW HOW TO WELD A GIVEN STEEL STRUCTURE?

The best way for a welder to know how to weld a particular steel or steel classification is through the use of a Welding Procedure Specification (WPS). A WPS is a written set of instructions (specifications) detailing the welding procedure, joint preparation, filler metal, current type and range as well as any required preheat, interpass temperature controls and postheat treatments. Whenever possible welders request and use a Welding Procedure Specification for the type and grade of metal they are welding.

A welding Procedure Specification is developed by engineering or inspection personnel using qualified welders to weld a specific type of metal and joint configuration that will be used on the job, while recording the welding parameters and variables. The completed joint is then tested in accordance with a specific Code or Standard. The resulting information is written on a form called a Procedure Qualification Record. The information from the Welding Procedure Qualification Record is used to write the Welding specification and as long as the procedure is carefully followed the resulting welded products will have the required strength characteristics.

Some companies that do not have a formal Welding Specification have through practical experience developed a set of instructions that the welder must follow to successfully weld the given project.

If no Welding Procedure is provided at a minimum the welder MUST know what the base metal is and find out if special precautions are necessary for welding.

There should always be some method of traceability for metals used to fabricate parts. Metals sections and shapes should be stamped color coded or made from known materials. There are ways to test unknown metals through appearance, magnetic properties or spark testing; however, these test are subjective and may not be reliable for all cases. When you can trace the material through purchase orders or metal identification you know or can find out how to weld it.

WHAT IS THE HEAT AFFECTED ZONE AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT WELDABILITY?

The heating and cooling action that occurs when welding is a form of heat treating in the localized area of the puddle and weld joint that may result in changes to the mechanical properties of the base metal and surrounding area. The area most affected by heating and cooling during welding is called the HEAT AFFECTED ZONE (HAZ)

THE HEAT AFFECTED ZONE

The heating and cooling rate of welding directly under the arc is from the melting temperature to normal temperatures and may occur relatively quickly or methods may be used to slow the cooling rate of the joint. These methods include postheating the weld area with an oxy-fuel torch, blanketing the weld area, or using a precise heating and cooling method in a furnace or industrial setting.

The more expensive and precise method of using a furnace under controlled conditions restores the mechanical properties of the weld joint and the surrounding base metal.

The area surrounding the joint is heated to various temperatures depending on the distance from the arc, the heat input of the process and the number of weld passes. This area is referred to as the Heat Affected Zone.

The grains structure in the melted weld area may form a desirable size and shape, while the grain structure of the surrounding heat affected area may change to a less desirable shape and size and may cause cracking when welding on medium or high carbon steels. Often when welding a hardenable steel the heat affected area can harden to undesirable levels, while welding an already hardened steel may result in a softened heat affected zone with loss of desired hardness.

The heat affected zone may also have locked in stresses that can lead to problems when the welded structure is in service. Some industries employ a heat treating process called stress relieving to relieve residual stresses due to working or welding the structure.

It is imperative to use the correct electrode for the application so that weld metal is compatible with the base metal and fewer changes occur due to the carbon or alloy content of the filler wire. Electrodes are available for welding tool steels and Cast iron.

When welding thick sections, medium carbon, high carbon, and high alloy steels check the recommended procedures for control of the heating and cooling rate

There are heat treating options such as annealing or normalizing that may be used to restore the grain structure of the welded piece.

When welding low carbon, mild steels and most low alloy steels the heat affected area does not change the properties of the metal enough to become a problem regardless of the cooling rate.

The heating and cooling that occurs in the heat affected area and surrounding metal may also lead to heat distortion of the parts being joined.

Procedures may be used before, during, and after welding to minimize distortion.

WHAT IS HEAT DISTORTION?

Steel when heated increases in length, width, and thickness. The increase in unit length when a metal is heated one degree is called its coefficient of thermal expansion. I f a small square block of steel were heated evenly under ideal conditions it would expand with the heat and contract when cooling relatively evenly. When welding a piece of steel only the joint and surrounding area is heated and cooled. This cause uneven expansion and cooling and the piece begins to warp or distort. Uncontrolled Distortion may lead to a serious dimensional defect or lead to failure of the part. Steps may be taken before, during, and after welding to minimize or control the effects of heat distortion.

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE THINGS A WELDER CAN DO BEFORE WELDING TO LIMIT HEAT DISTORTION?

Joint Preparation

The joint should be planned and prepared to limit the amount of weld and weld passes. For example: Wide angle V grooves welded from one side would distort more than double V grooves welded from both sides.

Select the proper Equipment

Higher welding speeds using iron powder electrodes (E-7018) and larger diameters may reduce the amount and effect of heat distortion. Semi-automatic and fully automatic welding processes limit the heat input and distortion.

Use Clamps Jigs and Fixtures

Jigs and fixtures with clamps hold parts in alignment and reduce the free movement of parts from heat expansion. The clamps are left in place until the parts are welded and cooled. In addition to clamps pieces called stiffeners may be temporarily added to areas that tend to distort and removed when the part cools.

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE THINGS A WELDER CAN DO DURING WELDING TO LIMIT HEAT DISTORTION?

Sequencing Welding

Use a skip or backstep method of welding to distribute the heat around the joint. This involves making shorter welds at different locations of the joint then joining them together.

Welding the joint

If possible two welders weld opposite sides of the joint at the same time.

Use the smallest size fillet welds practical to reduce heat input.

If solid welding is not necessary for strength use intermittent welding and stagger the sequence.

Weld flat or horizontal positions with larger size electrodes that allow for more weld deposit at faster speeds whenever practical. Vertical positions and multiple pass welds result in more heat input.

CONTROL OF DISTORTION AFTER WELDING

Distortion is more difficult to control after welding. Techniques like alternating heating and cooling to remove warpage called straightening require a degree of skill and practice. Postheating to remove stresses and warpage in controlled environments such as normalizing and annealing, often involving the use of furnaces is usually done by qualified personnel.

SUMMARY

Although the vast majority of carbon steels used in fabricating parts are mild steel or low carbon and presents little difficulty in welding, some carbon steels that have more carbon such as tool steels, high alloy steels and cast Iron require special procedures to prevent cracking and weld failure. The welder should know the type of steel he is asked to weld to prevent problems that may lead to questions of his or her ability. If you are unsure ask questions and research the type of steel and its weldability.

Source: http://deltaschooloftrades.com

ASTM F1554 Grade 36, 55, 105: Nuts and Washers

2011-05-21T03:23:00.000-07:00

Scope

The ASTM F1554 specification was introduced in 1994 and covers anchor bolts designed to anchor structural supports to concrete foundations. F1554 anchor bolts can take the form of either headed bolts, straight rods, or bent anchor bolts. The three grades 36, 55, and 105 designate the minimum yield strength (ksi) of the anchor bolt. The bolts can be either cut or roll threaded and a weldable grade 55 can be substituted for grade 36 at the supplier’s option. Color coding on the end - 36 blue, 55 yellow, and 105 red – helps facilitate easy identification in the field. Permanent manufacturer and grade marking is allowed under the S2 supplementary requirements.
Applications for F1554 anchor bolts include columns in structural steel framed buildings, traffic signal and street lighting poles, and overhead highway sign structures to name just a few.

Grades

F1554 Grade 36	Low carbon, 36 ksi yield steel anchor bolts
F1554 Grade 55	High strength, low alloy, 55 ksi yield steel anchor bolts
F1554 Grade 105	Alloy, heat treated, high strength 105 ksi yield steel anchor bolts

Mechanical Properties

Grade	Size inches	Tensile, ksi	Yield, ksi min	Yield, MPa min	Elong. % min	RA % min
36	¹⁄₄ - 4	58 - 80	36	248	23	40
55	¹⁄₄ - 2	75 - 95	55	380	21	30
	2¹⁄₄ - 2¹⁄₂	75 - 95	55	380	21	22
	2³⁄₄ - 3	75 - 95	55	380	21	20
	3¹⁄₄ - 4	75 - 95	55	380	21	18
105	¹⁄₄ - 3	125 - 150	105	724	15	45
Stamping of F1554 bolts with manufacturer's identification is a supplemental requirement (S2) Color coding is required unless the grade is stamped in accordance with supplemental requirement (S3). When Grade 36 is specified, a weldable Grade 55 may be furnished at the supplier's option.

Recommended Nuts and Washers

Grade	Size inches	Nuts		Washer
Grade	Size inches	Plain	Galvanized	Washer
36	¹⁄₄ - 1¹⁄₂	A563A Hex	A563A Hex	F436
36	1³⁄₄ - 4	A563A Heavy Hex	A563A Heavy Hex	F436
55	¹⁄₄ - 1¹⁄₂	A563A Hex	A563A Heavy Hex	F436
55	1³⁄₄ - 4	A563A Heavy Hex	A563A Heavy Hex	F436
105	¹⁄₄ - 1¹⁄₂	A563D Heavy Hex¹	A563DH Heavy Hex²	F436
105	1³⁄₄ - 3	A563DH Heavy Hex²	A563DH Heavy Hex²	F436
A563-D rarely available, A563DH or A194-2H substituted. Per ASTM A563, A194-2H may be substituted for A563-DH.

Source: portlandbolt.com

Alloy Steel ASTM A588 Grade A: Composition

2011-05-20T02:17:00.000-07:00

ASTM A588 Grade A is categorized as Alloy Steel.

Composition

Weight Element
0.10-0.19%    Carbon (C),
0.90-1.25%    Manganese (Mn),
0.04%            Phosphorus (P),
0.05%            Sulfur (S),
0.15-0.30%   Silicon (Si),
0.40-0.65%   Chromium (Cr),
0.02-0.10%   Vanadium (V),
0.25-0.40%   Copper (Cu),

and the base metal Iron (Fe).

Another common designation of ASTM A588 Grade A alloy steel is UNS K11430.

Dimension of Elbows and Return Bends to B16.9

2011-05-20T01:56:00.000-07:00

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Alloy Steel ASTM A588 Grade B: Composition, Properties

2011-05-19T21:42:00.000-07:00

ASTM A588 Grade B is categorized as Alloy Steel. It is composed of (in weight percentage) 0.20%(max) Carbon (C), 0.75-1.25% Manganese (Mn), 0.04% Phosphorus (P), 0.05% Sulfur (S), 0.15-0.30% Silicon (Si), 0.40-0.70% Chromium (Cr), 0.50%(max) Nickel (Ni), 0.001-0.10% Vanadium (V), 0.20-0.40% Copper (Cu), and the base metal Iron (Fe).

Another common designation of ASTM A588 Grade B alloy steel is UNS K12043.

Composition

Element    Weight %
C     0.20 (max)
Mn        0.75-1.25
P           0.04
S           0.05
Si          0.15-0.30
Cr         0.40-0.70
Ni         0.50 (max)
V          0.001-0.10
Cu        0.20-0.40

Mechanical Properties

Properties		Conditions
Properties		T (°C)	Treatment
Density (×1000 kg/m³)	7.7-8.03	25
Poisson's Ratio	0.27-0.30	25
Elastic Modulus (GPa)	190-210	25

Source: efunda.com

How to Make Steel

2011-05-19T02:39:00.000-07:00

Steel is usually made up of 96 percent to 98 percent iron, and the rest is mainly carbon, but these elements need to possess certain properties to make steel. Discover how to add chromium or manganese when making steel with help from a science teacher in this free video on steel production.

Properties of Weldable Alloy Steel AISI 4320

2011-05-19T02:13:00.000-07:00

Steel 4320 is a steel alloy that has casting, machining and welding capability. It is called a low alloy steel, with low carbon content. The carbon amount allows it to be forged, welded and machined. The manganese component allows for better machinability and better hardening properties. The 43xx steel alloys are used in pins, plates, valves and castings.

AISI 4320

Category	Steel
Class	Alloy steel
Type	Standard
Common Names	Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel
Designations	United States: ASTM A322 , ASTM A331 , ASTM A505 , ASTM A519 , ASTM A535 , SAE J404 , SAE J412 , SAE J770 , UNS G43200

Composition Properties

The 4320 alloy steel contains the following alloy materials, including the weight percentage of the material:

Element	Weight %
C	0.17-0.22
Mn	0.45-0.65
P	0.035 (max)
S	0.04 (max)
Si	0.15-0.30
Cr	0.40-0.60
Ni	1.65-2.00
Mo	0.20-0.30

Mechanical Properties

At room temperature, with steel 4320 that was annealed at 850C, tensile strength is 579.2 MPa, which converts to 5906.2 kgf/cm^2. Yield strength, where permanent deformity occurs, is 609.5 MPa, which converts to 6215.17 kgf/cm2.

Properties		Conditions
Properties		T (°C)	Treatment
Density (×1000 kg/m³)	7.7-8.03	25
Poisson's Ratio	0.27-0.30	25
Elastic Modulus (GPa)	190-210	25
Tensile Strength (Mpa)	579.2	25	annealed at 850°C
Yield Strength (Mpa)	609.5
Elongation (%)	29.0
Reduction in Area (%)	58.4
Hardness (HB)	163	25	annealed at 850°C
Impact Strength (J) (Izod)	109.8	25	annealed at 850°C

Testing at room temperature steel that has been annealed at 850C. Elongation of this steel is 29 percent. Reduction in area is 58.4 percent. Hardness of this steel using a Brinell hardness test is 163 HB.

Source: ehow.com, efunda

Properties of Carbon Steel JIS G 4051 S35C

2011-05-18T23:20:00.000-07:00

JIS G 4051 S35C is carbon steel defined for machine structural use. S35 got excellent weldability and machinability , and they can be subjected to various heat treatments like quenching and tempering.

S35C Mechanical Properties

Density (kg/m3) 7700-8030
Young’s Modulus (GPa) 190-210
Tensile Strength (Mpa) 510 (Standard), 568 (Quenching, Tempering)
Yield Strength (Mpa) 304 (Standard), 392 (Quenching, Tempering)
Poisson's ratio 0.27-0.30

S35C Hardness

Brinell Hardness (HB) 140-200 (Annealed)

S35C Equivalents

DIN Equivalents for JIS S35C

C35, C35E, C35R

AISI/SAE Equivalents for JIS S35C

1035

ISO Equivalents for JIS S35C

C35, C35E4, C35M2

S35C Chemical Composition

Carbon (C) 0.32% – 0.38%
Silicon (Si) 0.15% – 0.35%
Manganese (Mn) 0.6% – 0.9%
Phosphorus (P) 0.030% Max
Sulphur (S) 0.035% Max

Source:meadinfo.org

Properties of Stainless Steel SUS304 (DIN X5CrNi1810)

2011-05-18T22:37:00.000-07:00

SUS304 Mechanical Properties

Density (kg/m3)    8000
Young’s Modulus (GPa)    190
Tensile Strength (Mpa)    520
Yield Strength (Mpa)    240
Poisson's ratio 0.27-0.30

SUS304 Hardness

Brinell Hardness (HB) 88

SUS304 Equivalents

DIN Equivalent – DINX5CrNi1810
AISI Equivalent – AISI 304
EN Equivalent – X4CrNi18-10
BS Equivalent – BS304S31
ISO Equivalent – 11

SUS304 Chemical Composition

Carbon (C) ≤ 0.08%
Silicon (Si) ≤1.00%
Manganese (Mn) ≤2%
Phosphorus (P) ≤0.045%
Sulphur (S) ≤0.030%
Nickel (Ni) ≤8-10.5%
Chromium (Cr) ≤18.00-20.00%

SUS304L Chemical Composition

Carbon (C) ≤ 0.03%
Silicon (Si) ≤1.00%
Manganese (Mn) ≤2%
Phosphorus (P) ≤0.045%
Sulphur (S) ≤0.030%
Nickel (Ni) ≤9-13%
Chromium (Cr) ≤18.00-20.00%

Medium strength steel: JIS S45C, C45, ASTM A29, AISI 1045

2011-05-18T22:30:00.000-07:00

S45C is a medium strength steel. Suitable for shafts studs, keys etc. Available as rolled or normalised. Supplied as square bar, or round bar or flat. They are excelling in weldability & machinability , and they can be subjected to various heat treatments. Based on JIS G 4051-2009

S45C Mechanical Properties

Density (kg/m3) 7700-8030
Young’s Modulus (GPa) 190-210
Tensile Strength (Mpa) 569 (Standard) 686 (Quenching, Tempering)
Yield Strength (Mpa) 343 (Standard) 490 (Quenching, Tempering)
Poisson's ratio 0.27-0.30

S45C Hardness

Brinell Hardness (HB) 160-220 (Annealed)

JIS S45C Equivalents

DIN Equivalents for JIS S45C

C45, CK45, CF45, CQ45

ASTM Equivalents for JIS S45C

ASTM A29 , ASTM A510 , ASTM A519 , ASTM A576 , ASTM A682

SAE Equivalents for JIS S45C

SAE J403 , SAE J412 , SAE J414

AISI Equivalents for JIS S45C

AISI 1045, AISI 1046

EN Equivalents for JIS S45C

EN-8 / BS 970 080M40

S45C Chemical Composition

Carbon (C) 0.42% – 0.48%
Silicon (Si) 0.15% – 0.35%
Manganese (Mn) 0.6% – 0.9%
Phosphorus (P) 0.030% Max
Sulphur (S) 0.035% Max

Heat Treatment

The following temperature ranges are applicable for the respective heat treatment operations.
Full Annealing 800 - 850°C
Normalising 840 – 880°C
Hardening 820 – 860°C
Quenching medium Water or Oil
Tempering 550 – 660°C

Melting Point

Melting point of S45C is ~1520 Degree Celsius

Source: meadinfo.org

ASTM A414 / A414M - 10 Standard Specification

2011-05-17T21:49:00.000-07:00

ASTM A414 / A414M - 10 Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, and High-Strength, Low-Alloy for Pressure Vessels
This specification covers hot-rolled carbon steel sheet for pressure vessels involving fusion welding or brazing. Tensile and yield strengths shall be determined after a tension test of the sheets. The material shall be furnished without removing the hot-rolled oxide or scale. When required, the material may be specified to be pickled or blast cleaned. When specified to be pickled or blast cleaned, the material shall be furnished oiled. When required, pickled or blast-cleaned material may be specified to be furnished dry.

Composition (click on image to enlarge)

Mechanical Properties (click on image to enlarge)

ASME/ANSI B16 - Standards of Pipes and Fittings

2011-05-15T18:49:00.000-07:00

The ASME - American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME/ANSI B16 Standards covers pipes and fittings in cast iron , cast bronze, wrought copper and steel.

ASME/ANSI B16.1 - 1998 - Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

This Standard for Classes 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings covers:

(a) pressure-temperature ratings,

(b) sizes and method of designating openings of reducing fittings,
(c) marking,
(d) minimum requirements for materials,
(e) dimensions and tolerances,
(f) bolt, nut, and gasket dimensions and
(g) tests.

ASME/ANSI B16.3 - 1998 - Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings

This Standard for threaded malleable iron fittings Classes 150, and 300 provides requirements for the following:

(a) pressure-temperature ratings
(b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings
(c) marking
(d) materials
(e) dimensions and tolerances
(f) threading
(g) coatings

ASME/ANSI B16.4 - 1998 - Cast Iron Threaded Fittings

This Standard for gray iron threaded fittings, Classes 125 and 250 covers:

(a) pressure-temperature ratings
(b) size and method of designating openings of reducing fittings
(c) marking
(d) material
(e) dimensions and tolerances
(f) threading, and
(g) coatings

ASME/ANSI B16.5 - 1996 - Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

The ASME B16.5 - 1996 Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, testing, and methods of designating openings for pipe flanges and flanged fittings.

The standard includes flanges with rating class designations 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24, with requirements given in both metric and U.S units. The Standard is limited to flanges and flanged fittings made from cast or forged materials, and blind flanges and certain reducing flanges made from cast, forged, or plate materials. Also included in this Standard are requirements and recommendations regarding flange bolting, flange gaskets, and flange joints.

ASME/ANSI B16.9 - 2001 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings

This Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances, ratings, testing, and markings for wrought factory-made buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 through 48 (DN 15 through 1200).

ASME/ANSI B16.10 - 2000 - Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves

This Standard covers face-to-face and end-to-end dimensions of straightway valves, and center-to face and center-to-end dimensions of angle valves. Its purpose is to assure installation interchangeability for valves of a given material, type size, rating class, and end connection

ASME/ANSI B16.11 - 2001 - Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded

This Standard covers ratings, dimensions, tolerances, marking and material requirements for forged fittings, both socket-welding and threaded.
ASME/ANSI B16.12 - 1998 - Cast Iron Threaded Drainage Fittings

This Standard for cast iron threaded drainage fittings covers:

(a) size and method of designating openings in reducing fittings
(b) marking
(c) materials
(d) dimensions and tolerances
(e) threading
(f) ribs
(g) coatings
(h) face bevel discharge nozzles, input shafts, base plates, and foundation bolt holes (see Tables 1 and 2).

ASME/ANSI B16.14 - 1991 - Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads

This Standard for Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings, and Locknuts with Pipe Threads covers:

(a) pressure-temperature ratings:
(b) size;
(c) marking;
(d) materials;
(e) dimensions and tolerances;
(f) threading; and
(g) pattern taper.

ASME/ANSI B16.15 - 1985 (R1994) - Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings

This Standard pertains primarily to cast Class 125and Class 250 bronze threaded pipe fittings. Certain requirements also pertain to wrought or cast plugs, bushings, couplings, and caps. This Standard covers:

(a) pressure-temperature ratings;
(b) size and method of designating openings of reducing pipe fittings;
(c) marking;
(d) minimum requirements for casting quality and materials;
(e) dimensions and tolerances in U.S. customary and metric (SI) units;
(f) threading.

ASME/ANSI B16.18 - 1984 (R1994) - Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings

This Standard for cast copper alloy solder joint pressure fittings designed for use with copper water tube, establishes requirements for:

(a) Pressure-temperature ratings;
(b) Abbreviations for end connections;
(c) Sizes and method of designating openings of fittings;
(d) Marking;
(e) Material;
(f) Dimensions and tolerances; and
(g) Tests.

ASME/ANSI B16.20 - 1998 - Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges-Ring-Joint, Spiral-Would, and Jacketed

This standard covers materials, dimensions, tolerances, and markings for metal ring-joint gaskets, spiral-wound metal gaskets, and metal jacketed gaskets and filler material. These gaskets are dimensionally suitable for used with flanges described in the reference flange standards ASME/ANSI B16.5, ASME B16.47, and API-6A. This standard covers spiral-wound metal gaskets and metal jacketed gaskets for use with raised face and flat face flanges. Replaces API-601 or API-601.

ASME/ANSI B16.21 - 1992 - Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges

This Standard for nonmetallic flat gaskets for bolted flanged joints in piping includes:

(a) types and sizes;
(b) materials;
(c) dimensions and allowable tolerances.

ASME/ANSI B16.22 - 1995 - Wrought Copper and Copper Alloy Solder Joint Pressure Fittings

The Standard establishes specifications for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy, solder-joint, seamless fittings, designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 88 (water and general plumbing systems), B 280 (air conditioning and refrigeration service), and B 819 (medical gas systems), as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32, brazing materials conforming to AWS A5.8, or with tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1. This Standard is allied with ASME B16.18, which covers cast copper alloy pressure fittings. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. This Standard covers:

(a) pressure temperature ratings;
(b) abbreviations for end connections;
(c) size and method of designating openings of fittings;
(d) marking;
(e) material;
(f) dimension and tolerances; and
(g) tests.

ASME/ANSI B16.23 - 1992 - Cast Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV)

The Standard establishes specifications for cast copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings, designed for use in drain, waste, and vent (DWV) systems. These fittings are designed for use with seamless copper tube conforming to ASTM B 306, Copper Drainage Tube (DWV), as well as fittings intended to be assembled with soldering materials conforming to ASTM B 32, or tapered pipe thread conforming to ASME B1.20.1. This standard is allied with ASME B16.29, Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings - DWV. It provides requirements for fitting ends suitable for soldering. This standard covers:

(a) description;
(b) pitch (slope);
(c) abbreviations for end connections;
(d) sizes and methods for designing openings for reducing fittings;
(e) marking;
(f) material; and
(g) dimensions and tolerances.

ASME/ANSI B16.24 - 1991 (R1998) - Cast Copper Alloy Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

This Standard for Classes 25, 125, 250, and 800 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings covers:

(a) pressure temperature ratings,
(b) sizes and methods of designating openings for reduced fittings,
(c) marking,
(d) minimum requirements for materials,
(e) dimensions and tolerances,
(f) bolt, nut, and gasket dimensions, and
(g) tests.

ASME/ANSI B16.25 - 1997 - Buttwelding Ends

The Standard covers the preparation of butt welding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and tolerances). Coverage includes preparation for joints with the following.
(a) no backing rings;
(b) split or non continuous backing rings;
(c) solid or continuous backing rings;
(d) consumable insert rings;
(e) gas tungsten are welding (GTAW) of the root pass. Details of preparation for any backing ring must be specified in ordering the component.

ASME/ANSI B16.26 - 1988 - Cast Copper Alloy Fittings for Flared Copper Tubes

This standard for Cast Copper Alloy Fitting for Flared Copper Tubes covers:

(a) pressure rating;
(b) material;
(c) size;
(d) threading;
(e) marking.

ASME/ANSI B16.28 - 1994 - Wrought Steel Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and Returns

This Standard covers ratings, overall dimensions, testing, tolerances, and markings for wrought carbon and alloy steel buttwelding short radius elbows and returns. The term wrought denotes fittings made of pipe, tubing, plate, or forgings.
ASME/ANSI B16.29 - 1994 - Wrought Copper and Wrought Copper Alloy Solder Joint Drainage Fittings (DWV)

The standard for wrought copper and wrought copper alloy solder joint drainage fittings, designed for use with copper drainage tube, covers:

(a) Description,
(b) Pitch (slope),
(c) Abbreviations for End Connections,
(d) Sizes and Method of Designating Openings for Reducing Fittings,
(e) Marking,
(f) Material,
(g) Dimensions and Tolerances.

ASME/ANSI B16.33 - 1990 - Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in Gas Piping Systems Up to 125 psig

General This Standard covers requirements for manually operated metallic valves sizes NPS 1.2 through NPS 2, for outdoor installation as gas shut-off valves at the end of the gas service line and before the gas regulator and meter where the designated gauge pressure of the gas piping system does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). The Standard applies to valves operated in a temperature environment between .20 degrees F and 150 degrees F (.29 degrees C and 66 degrees C). Design This Standard sets forth the minimum capabilities, characteristics, and properties, which a valve at the time of manufacture must possess, in order to be considered suitable for use in gas piping systems.

ASME/ANSI B16.34 - 1996 - Valves - Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End

This standard applies to new valve construction and covers pressure-temperature ratings, dimensions, tolerances, materials, nondestructive examination requirements, testing, and marking for cast, forged, and fabricated flanged, threaded, and welding end, and wafer or flangeless valves of steel, nickel-base alloys, and other alloys shown in Table 1. Wafer or flangeless valves, bolted or through-bolt types, that are installed between flanges or against a flange shall be treated as flanged end valves.

ASME/ANSI B16.36 - 1996 - Orifice Flanges

This Standard covers flanges (similar to those covered in ASME B16.5) that have orifice pressure differential connections. Coverage is limited to the following:

(a) welding neck flanges Classes 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500
(b) slip-on and threaded Class 300

Orifice, Nozzle and Venturi Flow Rate Meters

ASME/ANSI B16.38 - 1985 (R1994) - Large Metallic Valves for Gas Distribution

The standard covers only manually operated metallic valves in nominal pipe sizes 2 1/2 through 12 having the inlet and outlet on a common center line, which are suitable for controlling the flow of gas from open to fully closed, for use in distribution and service lines where the maximum gage pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated in accordance with the code of federal regulations (cfr), title 49, part 192, transportation of natural and other gas by pipeline; minimum safety standard, does not exceed 125 psi (8.6 bar). Valve seats, seals and stem packing may be nonmetallic.
ASME/ANSI B16.39 - 1986 (R1998) - Malleable Iron Threaded Pipe Unions

This Standard for threaded malleable iron unions, classes 150, 250, and 300, provides requirements for the following:

(a) design
(b) pressure-temperature ratings
(c) size
(d) marking
(e) materials
(f) joints and seats
(g) threads
(h) hydrostatic strength
(i) tensile strength
(j) air pressure test
(k) sampling
(l) coatings
(m) dimensions

ASME/ANSI B16.40 - 1985 (R1994) - Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas

The Standard covers manually operated thermoplastic valves in nominal sizes 1.2 through 6 (as shown in Table 5). These valves are suitable for use below ground in thermoplastic distribution mains and service lines. The maximum pressure at which such distribution piping systems may be operated is in accordance with the Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) Title 49, Part 192, Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline; Minimum Safety Standards, for temperature ranges of .20 deg. F to 100 deg. F (.29 deg. C to 38 deg. C). This Standard sets qualification requirements for each nominal valve size for each valve design as a necessary condition for demonstrating conformance to this Standard. This Standard sets requirements for newly manufactured valves for use in below ground piping systems for natural gas [includes synthetic natural gas (SNG)], and liquefied petroleum (LP) gases (distributed as a vapor, with or without the admixture of air) or mixtures thereof.

ASME/ANSI B16.42 - 1998 - Ductile Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, Classes 150 and 300

The Standard covers minimum requirements for Class 150 and 300 cast ductile iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings. The requirements covered are as follows:

(a) pressure-temperature ratings
(b) sizes and method of designating openings
(c) marking
(d) materials
(e) dimensions and tolerances
(f) blots, nuts, and gaskets
(g) tests

ASME/ANSIB16.44 - 1995 - Manually Operated Metallic Gas Valves for Use in House Piping Systems

This Standard applies to new valve construction and covers quarter turn manually operated metallic valves in sizes NPS 1/2-2 which are intended for indoor installation as gas shutoff valves when installed in indoor gas piping between a gas meter outlet & the inlet connection to a gas appliance.
ASME/ANSI B16.45 - 1998 - Cast Iron Fittings for Solvent Drainage Systems

The Standard for cast iron drainage fittings used on self-aerating, one-pipe Solvent drainage systems, covers the following:

(a) description
(b) sizes and methods for designating openings for reducing fittings
(c) marking
(d) material
(e) pitch
(f) design
(g) dimensions and tolerances
(h) tests

ASME/ANSI B16.47 - 1996 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges: NPS 26 through NPS 60

This Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing for pipe flanges in sizes NPS 26 through NPS 60 and in ratings Classes 75, 150,0300, 400, 600, and 900. Flanges may be cast, forged, or plate (for blind flanges only) materials. Requirements and recommendations regarding bolting and gaskets are also included.
ASME/ANSI B16.48 - 1997 - Steel Line Blanks

The Standard covers pressure-temperature ratings, materials, dimensions, tolerances, marking, and testing for operating line blanks in sizes NPS 1/2 through NPS 24 for installation between ASME B16. 5 flanges in the 150, 300, 600, 900, 1500, and 2500 pressure classes.
ASME/ANSI B16.49 - 2000 - Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Induction Bends for Transportation and Distribution Systems

This Standard covers design, material, manufacturing, testing, marking, and inspection requirements for factory-made pipeline bends of carbon steel materials having controlled chemistry and mechanical properties, produced by the induction bending process, with or without tangents. This Standard covers induction bends for transportation and distribution piping applications (e.g., ASME B31.4, B31.8, and B31.11) Process and power piping have differing requirements and materials that may not be appropriate for the restrictions and examinations described herein, and therefore are not included in this Standard.

Source: www.engineeringtoolbox.com

Download ANSI/ASME B36.10M-2004, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

2011-05-15T16:55:00.000-07:00

Discription

This Standard covers the standardization of dimensions of welded and seamless wrought steel pipe for high or low temperatures and pressures. The word pipe is used, as distinguished from tube, to apply to tubular products of dimensions commonly used for pipeline and piping systems. Pipe NPS 12 (DN 300) and smaller have outside diameters numerically larger than their corresponding sizes. In contrast, the outside diameters of tubes are numerically identical to the size number for all sizes.

CONTENTS

Foreword
Scope
Size
Materials
WallThickness
Weights
PermissibleVariations
PipeThreads
WallThicknessDesignations
WallThicknessSelection
Table:DimensionsandWeightsofWeldedandSeamlessWroughtSteelPipe

Download here

Dimensions of Reducers to ASME B16.9

2011-05-15T16:54:00.002-07:00

ASME B16.9 standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances, ratings, testing, and markings for wrought factory-made buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1/2 through 48 (DN 15 through 1200).

Dimensions of Concentric and Eccentric Reducers ASME B16.9:

Download here

Mechanical Properties of Wrought vs. Forged Steel

2011-05-15T16:54:00.001-07:00

Carbon steel can be prepared at the point of origin for use in various building and metalworking applications in several different ways and there are subtle structural and mechanical differences between cast steel, forged steel and wrought steel. These differences can help to determine what applications the metals can safely be used in, as well as what strengths and weaknesses the metals will have. Most people know that cast metals are metals that are made molten and then poured into a mold, which leads to their final finished shapes, but most people do not know the difference between wrought steel and forged steel.

Wrought Steel Starts as Cast Steel

Wrought steel begins life as cast steel that is poured into ingots or molds. After it has cooled, the steel is reheated and rolled into a final finished shape. This means that wrought steel has some of the structural properties of cast steel, such as additional weight of metal required to have the same structural integrity as a similar piece of forged steel. Wrought steel is also less likely to be used in high-tension applications and it may be harder and more brittle than forged steel.

Forged Steel Can Be More Durable

According to Steel Forge.com, forged steel is more durable in certain applications because, although it begins life as a casting as well, it is hammer forged using large hydraulic hammers that force the atoms and molecules of the steel into alignment as they hit it. Wrought steel does not undergo this same process, which makes forged steel harder and less likely to crack when struck. Striking tools and axes are often made of forged steel because they are used to hit things, and the brittle nature of a cast steel would lead them to breaking rapidly if they were not forged.

Carbon Mixtures

The amount of carbon used in the mixture determines the final strength of a piece of wrought or forged steel. There are as many possible blends for carbon mixtures as there are applications for the finished metal. This is true for both wrought and forged steel, which can be made either harder or softer depending on the particular blend chosen. However, forged steel tends to be more flexible than wrought steel in the final product regardless of the blend, which can also contribute to making it less susceptible to breakage.

Fine Steel versus Course Steel

Fine grained steels are tougher than coarse grained steels when it comes to the hardness. The graining of the steel depends on the method by which the steel was forged or wrought and the composition of the steel. Either forged or wrought steel can be made with either hard or coarse grains. Forged steel may be, but isn't necessarily always, more fine grained, in part because of the hammer-forging process.

Source:eHow.com

WHAT IS WROUGHT STEEL PIPE?

2011-05-15T16:54:00.000-07:00

The manufacturing process for wrought steel pipe works raw steel into tubes of various lengths and diameters. Steel pipes play a role in the underground moving of water and gas, encasing electrical wires for protection, and the production of vehicles, bicycles, plumbing and heating systems, street lamps and refrigeration units.

Welded Pipe

The welded wrought steel pipe manufacturing involves moving steel strips through rollers that form the material into a tubular shape. These strips then pass through a welding device that fuses them into a single pipe.

Seamless Pipe

Seamless wrought steel pipe starts as a solid piece of heated steel. Forced through a form that shapes the material into a hollow tube, the pipe is then machined into appropriate dimensions.

Additional Processing

Welded and seamless wrought steel pipes often go through a machine for straightening. Threads machined into the ends of smaller diameter pipes allow them to connect together. Various protective coatings placed over the steel -- such as oil, paint, zinc or other kinds of material depending on the usage of the pipe -- prevent rusting.

Source:ehow.com

Difference Between Seamless and Welded Pipe?

2011-05-10T00:00:00.000-07:00

Seamless (SMLS) pipe is formed by drawing a solid billet over a piercing rod to create the hollow shell. Seamless pipe withstands pressure better than other types, and is often more easily available than welded pipe.

Welded pipe is formed by rolling plate and welding the seam. The weld flash can be removed from the outside or inside surfaces using a scarfing blade. The weld zone can also be heat treated to make the seam less visible.

Welded pipe often has tighter dimensional tolerances than seamless, and can be cheaper if manufactured in the same quantities. Large-diameter pipe (25 centimetres (10 in) or greater) may be ERW, EFW or Submerged Arc Welded pipe.

The difference in the basic manufacturing method is obvious from the names. Seamless pipe is extruded and drawn from a billet while welded pipe is produced from a strip that is roll formed and welded to produce a pipe. Welded pipe is considerably less expensive than seamless pipe and is readily available in long continuous lengths.

VS.	Seamless	Welded
Manufacturing method	extruded and drawn from a billet	roll formed and welded to produce a pipe
Cost	Expensive	Less expensive
Size		diameter Larger and longer
Pressure	withstands pressure better

The basis for much of today’s bias regarding seamless vs. welded piping probably stems from early manufacturing processes when the weld area was not reworked to provide a homogeneous pipe wall. Even today the standard for working the weld area is very open allowing great variance in the final product. Seamless piping simply avoids the potential for any defect in the corrosion resistance of the weld area.

Key words: DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SEAMLESS AND WELDED PIPE, UNTERSCHIED ZWISCHEN nahtlose und geschweißte PIPE, 용접 및 배관 원활한 차이, РАЗНИЦА МЕЖДУ бесшовных и сварных труб, DIFFERENCE ENTRE ET SANS TUBES SOUDÉS, 及び溶接管継目の違い, الفرق بين المحكم والأنابيب الملحومة

Steel Prices Have Stopped Dropping in Europe

2011-05-05T23:14:00.000-07:00

It is reported that Turkish Mills Erdemir and Kulacoglou have stopped offering and are supposed to come back in the market during next week.
However during last 15 days both mills have been protagonist of important rallies on HRC by selling significant quantities at aggressively discounted prices.

Also Ukrainian Mills have stopped offering for the time being and are supposed to start with new booking for June rolling by May 10th onwards.

Same situation is with Russian Mills that, after having filled up May, by booking substantial quantities of HRC at an average price of EUR 510 per tonne CFR FO Med ports, are now pondering a price increase of EUR 20 per tonne to EUR 30 per tonne.

Source: steelguru

Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Steel Pipe Fittings Manufacturer

2011-05-05T01:49:00.000-07:00

Ashtapad Overseas is a specialist in the manufacture of precision engineered piping components. With expertise and dedication, we have been catering to the needs of diverse industries with our reliable high quality products for over a decade.

We are the manufacturer and supplier of industrial pipes, tubes, industrial pipe fittings, steel pipe fittings, tube fittings, steel tube fittings etc.

VIDEO: ALLOY STEEL FITTINGS MANUFACTURING

2011-05-05T01:43:00.000-07:00

Chiranjiv Steel Centre is amongst the leading manufacturers and exporters of butt-weld fittings, forged pipe fittings, flanges & fasteners. Apart from this, we also stock and import a high quality range of pipes, tubes, sheets, plates and round bars. We provide you a complete Project Supply Package.
We have an extensive range of material supply that comprises of stainless steel, duplex & super duplex steel, nickel alloys, copper alloys, carbon steel & alloy steel. We are a specialist in nickel alloys like inconel, incoloy, monel, hastelloy & other high nickel alloys.

Steel Reference Handbook

2011-05-05T01:19:00.000-07:00

Saginaw Pipe Company has produced one of the most comprehensive handbooks on Steel Products in the Industry.

Steel Reference Handbook, an excellent resource for information on:

Wide Flange Beams
Standard Beams S-Shapes
Square Tubing
Rectangular Tubing
Pipe
Oil Country Tubulars
Angles
Hot Rolled Flats
Hot Rolled Rounds
Junior Channels
Concrete Reinforcing Bars
Standard Channels
Miscellaneous Channels
Floor Plate 4-way Medium
Steel Plates - Hot Rolled

Hot Rolled Sheets
Steel Plate weights
Theoretical weight of Steel Circles
Wire Gauge Equivalents
Decimal Equivalents
Converting Inches into Decimals of a Foot
Circumferences and Area of Circles Inches or Feet

Download the "Steel Reference Handbook"

Source: http://www.saginawpipe.com

CARBON STEEL HANDBOOK

2011-05-04T23:00:00.000-07:00

Carbon steel is a malleable, iron-based metal containing less than 2% carbon (usually less than 1%), small amounts of manganese, and other trace elements. Steels can either be cast to shape or wrought into various mill forms from which finished parts are formed, machined, forged, stamped, or otherwise shaped. Carbon steels are specified by chemical composition, mechanical properties, method of deoxidation, or thermal treatment.

Link download Carbon Steel HandBook:

http://www.mediafire.com/?g51ekw26siht385

Unlock: searchsteel.com

Key words: CARBON STEEL HANDBOOK, MANUEL EN ACIER AU CARBONE, KARBONSTAHL HANDBUCH, 탄소강 수첩, MANUALE IN ACCIAIO AL CARBONIO, 炭素鋼ハンドブック, 碳钢手册, الكربون الصلب كتيب

ASTM A573-00a, GRADE 58, 65, 70: CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS, TENSILE TEST

2011-05-04T22:28:00.000-07:00

ASTM A573-00a Structural Carbon Steel Plates of Improved Toughness

[more]

IRON & STEEL GLOSSARY: A-B

2011-05-04T02:38:00.000-07:00

Abrasive
A substance capable of removing material from another substance in machining, abrasion or polishing.

Abrasive Wear
The removal or displacement of materials from a surface when hard particles slide or roll across the surface under pressure. The particles may be loose or may be part of another surface in contact with the surface being worn.

[more]

Steel Data Search Engine

MATERIAL CONVERSION TABLE (KS-ASTM-DIN-JIS)

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Corrosion Resisting steel - Grade 3CR12

3CR12 Technical Data Summary

Properties of Stainless Steel - Grade 316, 316L

SX 316 / 316L Technical Data Summary

SX 316 / 316L Technical Data

Chinese nickel prices seen down, investors may stock up-trade

China’s Steel Output Rose to Record in May on Property Construction Demand

Properties of ASTM A 350 LF2

Properties of Carbon Steels A333 Grade 6

Valve Remanufacturing Welding Procedures

Properties of Stainless steel AISI Type 431

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ASTM A449: Headed bolts, Rods, and Anchor bolts

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ASTM A490 Specification: quenched and tempered, alloy steel, heavy hex structural bolts

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ASTM F1554 Grade 36, 55, 105: Nuts and Washers

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Alloy Steel ASTM A588 Grade A: Composition

Dimension of Elbows and Return Bends to B16.9

Alloy Steel ASTM A588 Grade B: Composition, Properties

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Properties of Weldable Alloy Steel AISI 4320

Properties of Carbon Steel JIS G 4051 S35C

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Properties of Stainless Steel SUS304 (DIN X5CrNi1810)

SUS304 Mechanical Properties

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Medium strength steel: JIS S45C, C45, ASTM A29, AISI 1045

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S45C Chemical Composition

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ASTM A414 / A414M - 10 Standard Specification

ASME/ANSI B16 - Standards of Pipes and Fittings

Download ANSI/ASME B36.10M-2004, Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

Dimensions of Reducers to ASME B16.9

Mechanical Properties of Wrought vs. Forged Steel

WHAT IS WROUGHT STEEL PIPE?

Difference Between Seamless and Welded Pipe?

Steel Prices Have Stopped Dropping in Europe

Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Steel Pipe Fittings Manufacturer

VIDEO: ALLOY STEEL FITTINGS MANUFACTURING

Steel Reference Handbook

3CR12 Technical Data
Summary

SX 316 / 316L Technical Data
Summary